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War of the Eight Saints
The War of the Eight Saints (1375–1378) was a war between Pope Gregory XI and a coalition of Italian city-states led by Florence, which contributed to the end of the Avignon Papacy.
==Causes==
The causes of the war were rooted in interrelated issues, Florentine opposition to the expansion of the Papal States in central Italy (which the Avignon Popes had set as a condition for their return), and antipathy toward the ''Parte Guelfa'' in Florence.〔Peterson, David S. 2002. "(The War of the Eight Saints in Florentine Memory and Oblivion )." In ''Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence'', Ed. William J. Connell.〕 Specifically, Florence feared in the autumn of 1372 that Gregory XI intended to reoccupy a strip of territory near Lunigiana, which Florence had conquered from Bernabò Visconti, and that the Ubaldini might switch from Florentine to Papal allegiance.〔Lewin, Alison Williams. 2003. ''Negotiating Survival: Florence and the Great Schism, 1378-1417''. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3940-2. pp. 39-56.〕
Gregory XI also harbored various grievances against Florence for their refusal to aid him directly in his war against the Visconti of Milan.〔 When Gregory XI's war against Milan ended in 1375, many Florentines feared that the pope would turn his military attention toward Tuscany; thus, Florence paid off Gregory XI's main military commander, English ''condottiere'' John Hawkwood, with 130,000 florins, extracted from local clergy, bishops, abbots, monasteries, and ecclesiastical institutions, by an eight-member committee appointed by the Signoria of Florence, the ''otto dei preti''.〔Najemy, John M. 2006. ''A History of Florence 1200-1575''. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1954-3. pp. 151-155.〕 Hawkwood also received a 600 florin annual salary for the next five years and a lifetime annual pension of 1,200 florins.〔Caferro, William. 2006. John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8323-7. p. 175.〕
The transalpine mercenaries employed by Gregory XI against Milan, now unemployed, were often a source of friction and conflict in papal towns.〔Holmes, George. 2000. ''Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320-1450''. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21382-1. p. 131.〕
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